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Al wild card standings5/29/2023 Can Zack Greinke and Jordan Lyles eat quality innings? AL West … The baton has been passed to a crop of promising young hitters led by Bobby Witt Jr., but the Royals have not seen their pitching develop in lockstep. This could be a year of mild regression before the club really starts to cook.Īre the Guardians quietly building a post-Lindor mini-dynasty? Seems like it, as they embark on a two-year window in which Shane Bieber will still front their rotation … Dylan Cease might win the AL Cy Young Award, but the White Sox’s hopes hinge on Lucas Giolito returning to form in his final year before free agency and Mike Clevinger proving viable after skirting punishment from MLB … Will Joey Gallo and Max Kepler get a big boost from the shift ban? The Twins hope so, and that they can piece together enough pitching to contend … In Miguel Cabrera’s swan song, injuries to pitchers Casey Mize and Tarik Skubal will hinder the Tigers, but their young hitters leveling up – Riley Greene, All-Star? Spencer Torkelson, consistent power threat? Kerry Carpenter, surprise star? – would represent big progress. … The Orioles’ wave of young talent is landing, but progress isn’t always linear. They should be more focused this year, but may not have enough pitching, regardless. A year ago, they won one more game to reach the playoffs now, it’s win two more and get past the wild-card round into the main draw … Though slowed by an oblique injury, Tyler Glasnow’s shutdown ability will make the Rays a far more daunting October opponent … The Red Sox’s stagnant 2022 culminated with the loss of Xander Bogaerts. ![]() It’s still the Yankees’ to lose, as Carlos Rodon’s acquisition and DJ LeMahieu’s health might be even more significant than retaining home run king Aaron Judge… The Blue Jays have been steady in their progress and now might be the time. We’ll know for sure come October, but for now, USA TODAY Sports’ six-person panel has produced this highly scientific projection of all 30 teams’ win totals this season: AL East The result might be a 100-win wild card team and a division winner somewhere in the 80s. There’s still time for the A’s to control most of their own fate if they just win some games.Now, the Cardinals-Brewers runner-up suddenly can’t fatten up on the Reds and Pirates so frequently, further imperiling their wild-card chances. Baseball-Reference : 10.5% (split 9% Wild Card, 1.5% division)īut they’re not at zero yet, and last week we saw how a few good days in a row can change the picture a lot.FiveThirtyEight : 7% (split 6% Wild Card, 1% division).FanGraphs : 5.4% (split 4.4% Wild Card, 1% division). ![]() The postseason odds are not in Oakland’s favor, according to some major sources. In particular the bullpen has blown eight saves in the past three weeks, resulting in six extra losses, but the rotation and lineup have also been inconsistent lately. Then they’ll get a chance to directly knock out another Wild Card candidate if they can muster a big performance against the Mariners, and technically there are enough head-to-heads left against the Astros to make one final run at the division.īut all of that would require the A’s suddenly getting hot for more than a few days at a time, and their recent play has been discouraging. The A’s could help their odds a lot by taking advantage of the weaker competition in the coming days, which they didn’t do by losing a series against the last-place Rangers last weekend. The other Wild Card teams have it slightly easier, but they do each have two or three series left against good teams, and sometimes they play each other which guarantees one of them takes a loss. ![]() They have one more week against sub-.500 opponents, and then it’s fellow contenders the rest of the way with Seattle and Houston. Here’s the remainder of Oakland’s schedule: Then the A’s and the Mariners are within reach, tied with each other at three games out - but only two back in the loss column compared with the Red Sox and Yankees. The Blue Jays and Red Sox lead the way, with New York falling a half-game behind this afternoon but still tied with Boston in the loss column.
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Sspx philadelphia5/29/2023 Romeri, we have just such a specialist whose clear, Catholic aesthetic vision seems to have been senselessly pushed aside. The pastor or bishop should also be willing to consult with – and when appropriate, defer to – the director’s long developed specialty. At the very least, a pastor or bishop should know that the Church has specific wishes in regards to music in the liturgy, and be able to hire a well-trained music director to execute the Church’s vision. This situation is made worse by a strong lack of seminary education on Catholic liturgical music and aesthetics, along with a general attitude which precludes the competent Church musician’s natural authority in such matters. The “tyranny of taste” is part of the “dictatorship of relativism,” each boiling over, often with disastrous results, into the Church’s liturgical life. Yet it seems that outside of the small community of competent musical authorities, few Catholics – let alone their clergy – seem cognizant of the fact that musical choices in the Mass are anything but a “matter of taste.” The simple fact that Catholic liturgy has historically evolved organically along with its music – that it is traditionally a sung liturgy (as aptly documented in William Mahrt’s “ The Musical Shape of the Liturgy”) – puts music near the center of the hermeneutical debate over authentic liturgical development that is such a staple of modern Catholic discourse. Regardless of the reason, this tragic misunderstanding between competent ecclesial authority and competent musical authority brings to light a long-standing conflict between the proper Catholic aesthetic and what is assumed to be the aesthetic derived from the so-called “Spirit of the Council.” In light of this, one can only speculate that the Archbishop may be pushing his See’s music program to sound more “contemporary” and less Catholic, especially in anticipation of the pope’s forthcoming visit to Philadelphia. ![]() The kind of music presented on these occasions rarely reflected the wishes of the Church regarding proper liturgical fare. Chaput’s masses were often accompanied by a well-rehearsed but aesthetically deficient contemporary band. This author recalls his time spent in Denver, where Abp. While Archbishop Chaput is a well-respected and highly articulate theological conservative – as well as a gifted homilist – he has never been known for liturgical traditionalism. While at this point, I am not sure just what my next musical adventure looks like, it is absolutely the right thing for me to leave this present situation.” There are simply irreconcilable differences in our understanding of the role of music in the Liturgy and the role of the choir. This is the continuation of several years of discontent on his part with the Liturgical Music at the Cathedral and at Archdiocesan liturgies. “This Holy Week, while some of the most beautiful liturgies I have ever conducted, was not well received by the archbishop. It is therefore distressing that Romeri, in his otherwise genteel and understated letter of resignation, wrote: The work of this latter has become, by most accounts, the American standard for music at a well-executed Novus Ordo. It is the kind of musical selection that might be heard in many liturgically conservative areas, and comparable to the regular and excellently executed musical fare at the National Shrine of the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception. Perusing the Sacred Triduum congregational Mass handout for 2015, we can see Romeri’s tasteful selection of music, which alternated between simple chants, congregational singing, and choral polyphony. Regarding the reasons for his resignation, Romeri cited a “constant griping” on the part of his boss, Archbishop Chaput, and “irreconcilable differences” regarding their understanding of the role of music in the liturgy. It is worth noting that he is generally considered an aesthetic moderate, and thus, not a controversial figure. Romeri – once named “Full-time Pastoral Musician of the Year” by the National Association of Pastoral Musicians, is held in high regard as a performer, educator, and clinician in the world of Catholic music. The news this week of the unexpected and noteworthy resignation of Johh Romeri as head of Liturgical Music in Philadelphia has put the issue of music front and center in the Catholic world. It is all-too-frequently deemed something suitable for competent amateurs, of lesser concern and of secondary importance – until, of course, it isn’t. Most Catholics in our world seem to take a flippant attitude towards liturgical music. Martin Luther King and Planned Parenthood.The Schismatic Trads Were Right? Francis' New Rescript on the TLM.The One Thread By Which the Council Hangs: a Response to Cavadini, Healy, and Weinandy."Suffocated by Meetings" Bishop Schneider on Synodality. ![]()
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Pictures of cut fingers5/28/2023 ![]() What are the symptoms of a felon finger infection? Puncture wounds, such as piercing yourself with a sharp pin or a pointed piece of glass.įelons may also develop due to an untreated nail infection (paronychia).Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus are the most common bacteria that lead to felons.įelon finger infections are usually caused by minor injuries to your finger pads. Bacteria can enter this break in your skin, where they can grow and multiply. When you injure or irritate your fingertip, you create a small opening in your skin. When you get a felon finger infection, it begins to swell and throb because it’s trapped within these membranes.įelon finger is a bacterial infection. Your fingertips contain closed-up sections of fibrous membranes. The most common location of felon finger infections is in the first and second fingers of your hand. Almost one-third of hand infections are felons and paronychias. Felons and nail infections (paronychias) are the most common hand infections. Hand infections near the surface of your skin (superficial) are more common than deep infections. A felon can take over the pad of your fingertip and the soft tissues surrounding it. The infection can form a pocket of pus (abscess) within your fingertip. This area is called the distal digital pulp. What is a felon finger?Ī felon finger infection (also known as a felon or felon finger) is a painful infection in the fleshy part of your fingertip. If you experience chronic paronychia, see your doctor for treatment.A felon finger is an infection in your fingertip pad. Your doctor can prescribe an antibiotic or antifungal medication for more serious cases. Mild forms of paronychia can usually be treated at home. changes in nail shape, color, or texture.Paronychia is an infection of the skin around your cuticles. Use an acetone-free formula for a nail polish remover. ![]() If you have a hangnail, carefully remove it with tweezers or clippers, instead of ripping it out or biting it off.Īlso limit your use of harsh nail polishes and removers. How can you prevent cuticle damage?Īvoid picking at your cuticle. You can also apply Vaseline overnight to soothe damaged cuticles. You can use cuticle oil or moisturizer to hydrate them. It’s common for cuticles to crack or peel. The area around the nail bed is very delicate. You can purchase them at most beauty supply stores or online. The idea is to remove excess skin and hangnails only.Ĭuticle pushers are made from various materials. Trim excess skin and hangnails but never cut off the entire cuticle. Using a cuticle pusher, carefully push back the cuticle along the nail bed. If your cuticles are dry, apply a moisturizer, too. Taking a bath or shower can also help soften them. You can do this by soaking your nails in warm water. If you still want to trim your cuticles, it’s important to soften them first. Instead of having them cut at your next manicure, ask your technician to just push back the cuticle and trim loose skin and hangnails. They argue that it helps polish go on better and stay on longer. Most nail salons continue to cut cuticles, despite these guidelines. After cutting the cuticle, it’s easier for bacteria and germs to get inside. This includes cutting them at home or in a nail salon.Ĭuticles protect both your nails and the skin surrounding them from infection. Both the Mayo Clinic and American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) advise against cutting cuticles. Research about the safety of cutting cuticles is mixed. Moisturize your cuticles regularly to prevent dryness and cracking. You can also apply cuticle oil and a massage cream. ![]() This helps soften the cuticle and keeps your nails clean. The easiest way to care for them is to soak your hand or foot in soapy, warm water for around 10 minutes every few days. It’s important to keep your cuticles clean at home.
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The sportsmans hiide5/28/2023 ![]() During this Tax Season Savings Event, you’ll receive 10% back on your purchase with a maximum $150 Rebate. This Tax Season Rebate could easily save you $50, $100, or even $150 on a fine hunting, tactical, or rimfire rifle. Get a 10% Factory Rebate for ALL Savage, Stevens, and Fox firearms purchased from now through May 15, 2019. ![]() ![]() Savage - 10% Rebate on Savage, Stevens, and Fox Firearms Be aware that sale prices are subject to change, and once clearance inventory is sold, it’s gone for good. Here are some of the best deals on firearms, hardware, reloading components, optics, and shooting accessories. Every Monday morning we offer our Best Bargain selections. The HQ Issue boresighters work the same way:Īpril 1st, 2019 Bargain-Finder 184: AccurateShooter’s Deals of the WeekĪt the request of our readers, we provide select “Deals of the Week”. This video shows how to use in-chamber Sightmark laser boresighters. If you forget your laser bore-sight placed in the end of the barrel, and then fire a round, you can blow up your barrel and/or suffer serious injury - it HAS happened. In-chamber BoreSighters are much safer than the kind that you insert in the end of the barrel (or attach to muzzle). Sportsman’s Guide also offers Pistol Laser BoreSighters for $17.99 (member price). These units have a durable brass metal body and the battery will run an hour.īoresighters are offered for many popular rifle cartridge types including. Right now you can get HQ Issue BoreSighters starting at $15.99 at Sportsman’s Guide (member price is $14.39). The laser dot is about 2″ in diameter at 100 yards, and is visible even in full sunlight. Just activate the unit, slip it into the chamber and look for the red dot on the target. Laser BoreSighters - fitted to your chamber - help you get on target more quickly, particularly with factory firearms. With good factory rifle ammo costing $1.00 per round - a Laser BoreSighter could pay for itself in just a couple range sessions. August 13th, 2020 Bargain Boresighters - Laser Boresight Systems $15.99
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Communigate pro install ssl certificate5/28/2023 ![]() Next we choose a reference server, and then an SSL certificate on that server, to use for secure mail flow.Įnter an FQDN that can be used by Exchange Online Protection to route mail to the on-premises organization. There is only one Edge Transport to choose in my environment. When the connections and credentials have been successfully validated, click Next to continue.įor my scenario I’ll be using the Edge Transport server for secure mail flow, and not enabling centralized mail transport. The HCW will detect a server to use automatically, or you can specify one if you need to.Įnter credentials for both the on-premises organization and the Office 365 tenant. When the Hybrid Configuration Wizard launches, click Next to begin. Click on the click here link to download it.įollow the prompts to install the application. We’re directed to download the Hybrid Configuration Wizard tool. The Hybrid Configuration Wizard is launched from the Exchange Admin Center, in the hybrid section.Īfter clicking enable we need to sign in to the Office 365 tenant with a global admin account. C:\>Get-WebServicesVirtualDirectory -ADPropertiesOnly | Where | Set-WebServicesVirtualDirectory -MRSProxyEnabled $true The servers can be MRS Proxy enabled by running Set-WebServicesVirtualDirectory. C:\>Get-WebServicesVirtualDirectory | fl server,mrs* Currently they are not MRS Proxy enabled, as seen here in the output of Get-WebServicesVirtualDirectory. Since those servers will be internet-facing for the Hybrid configuration, they need to be MRS Proxy enabled. ![]() The Exchange 2016 Mailbox servers are the internet-facing servers for the organization, with a load balancer distributing traffic across them. 1 x Exchange 2013 Edge Transport server.The current on-premises environment is running: In this article we’re going to create the Hybrid configuration between the on-premises Exchange organization and the Office 365 tenant. In the last part of this series we looked at preparing for Hybrid deployment with Office 365.
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Lacie cloudbox wuala5/28/2023 ![]() The immediate advice to Wuala users is to back up their data stored on the service to a PC, Mac or another cloud storage offering, somewhat ironic considering that the idea of taking out a Wuala account in the first place is that you’d no longer need to worry about backups. Effective Sunday, 15 November 2015, the Wuala cloud service will terminate. Full account service will continue through 30 September 2015, at which point all active accounts will shift to read-only mode. In a blog post to customers, Wuala has just announced that it is to shut down.Įffective as of today, you will no longer be able to purchase storage or renew existing accounts. ![]() ![]() Philippe Spruch, founder and CEO of LaCie, said that the partnership would lead LaCie to transform from a hardware manufacturer to a “digital storage provider”. In fact, at the time the two companies talked up the deal as a “merger” rather than one acquiring the other. A traditional hardware storage maker picking up an expert in cloud storage software. Despite exiting pretty early instead of scaling to become a leader in the space (in then somewhat typical European style), the deal made a lot of sense. Back in 2009, hardware storage company LaCie acquired Wualu, a Zurich-based startup and pioneer in peer-to-peer cloud storage.
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Vintage songbird reviews5/28/2023 The Songbird had no issues in being both incisive and detailed around the midband. Bass was notable for its movement rather than as a foundational tone. It was lighter than that but retained the impact you get from high speed. Hence, very low frequency implementation was lacking a tad. Turning to The Cure’s Pornography and Figurehead, bass was not massy or full of heft. So this cartridge can never be described as a ‘me too’ design. It’s different from much of the competition because of that. It’s highly entertaining and rather wonderful because the Songbird emotes. Other cartridges give you the focus and the precision but then they can sometimes lack emotion and ‘feel’ which can result in a slightly sterile and dry presentation.Īnd hey, at least the Songbird offers a choice. Sometimes, I felt that I was heading, face first, into a bowl of custard. I wanted to hear the edges and to find out where the frame of the music really was. At times, I almost wanted to moved my head backwards to take it all in, I felt I was very close to the action you see. ![]() I think that effect might be caused by the relative position of them. Some listeners might see the upper frequencies as a bit on the soft side but I’m not sure about that. What I didn’t really get was the last drop of focus or precision. There seemed to be a constant movement of air around the upper frequencies which offered clarity and transparency and plenty of detail. You felt that you were closer to to the action, violins were full of breath, percussion was busy and flute was spacious. The upper frequencies were pulled nearer to the ear. Compared to other, similarly priced, designs I thought that the upper frequencies offered more…and possibly less. The Songbird enjoyed working around the midrange and the treble bands too. Let’s not ignore the upper regions, though. ![]() ![]() During first few minutes of play, I actually wondered if bass was lacking until I realised that bass was performing in a nimble, mobile fashion without any bloating fat. In fact, it did that in a surprisingly subtle manner. I want it to occupy areas it should without getting ideas above its station and I also want it to illuminate percussion, bass guitar and the like without blooming all over the place. I want it to do its work without dominating.
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Samsung smartcam hp pro direct url5/28/2023 Dropcam offers a cloud-based storage as an option. What the SmartCam lacks, that the Dropcam Pro has, are location awareness and scheduling the SmartCam remains on at all times. Otherwise it has a 128-degree wide-angle view (versus the Dropcam Pro’s 130 degrees), night vision (there’s also a Wide Dynamic Range feature, or backlight correction, that evens out the brightness due to strong lighting entering the room), motion detection, real-time alerts, digital zoom, and companion mobile apps. The SmartCam offers many similar functions to the Dropcam Pro, although it one-ups its competitor (at least on paper) with the aforementioned Full HD video recording, SD card slot, and Ethernet port (if you require a hard-wire connection for stability). (Samsung’s has a series of videos on YouTube that demonstrate how to set up the camera and mobile app.) More on this in the “performance and use” section. This process is far quicker and painless, and you’ll have your SmartCam set up in no time. If you have a smartphone and your home is set up for Wi-Fi, bypass the computer and go straight to your iPhone, iPad, or whatever Android-based device you have, and set up the unit there (via the Samsung SmartCam app). Setting up with a computer is a bit more involved, as you’ll need to first physically connect the camera to your router in order for your computer to find it. Once it’s powered up, you can set it up via your computer browser or iOS or Android device. While most people get apprehensive about things with “networking” in the name, this SmartCam is a easy plug-and-play affair. The design raises some questions, but it’s a sturdy little camera.However, you don’t really need to care what’s on or in the camera. As for the mic, Samsung strangely decided to put it on the back of the unit, which made it difficult to capture the voice of anyone talking back into the camera (more on this later). Connecting the unit to external speakers might be cumbersome, but if you want to communicate to someone via the SmartCam, it’s a good idea as the onboard speakers aren’t very loud. Beneath the unit is a Micro SD card slot that lets you record footage onto, while the back has a Wi-Fi Direct button (it creates a point-to-point connection between your smartphone and the camera, in order to set it up during first use), a reset button to bring the unit back to factory settings, Ethernet jack for a hard-wired connection (Wi-Fi is also available), audio-out jack, and microphone. On the front you’ll find the camera lens, speaker (for bi-directional audio, or two-way talk), LED status light, and sensor to measure lighting conditions (the camera has a night-vision feature that works relatively well even in completely dark rooms). The SmartCam isn’t cordless, and there’s no battery option, so you’ll need to make sure there’s an outlet nearby if you plan to move it around the cord is relatively long, and there’s no need to set up the camera after each time you plug-and-unplug.ĭesign wise, the SmartCam is relatively simple. If you are looking for a discreet surveillance cam as a form of theft deterrent, you may not want the SmartCam to be your first choice, but for monitoring your family or pets, it’s a solid choice. The camera is bit larger than the comparable Dropcam, and not as inconspicuous as we would have liked, but we have also seen cameras that are much larger. At 10 ounces, it’s relatively lightweight to adhere to the base to a wall (although you should also screw it in if you’re wall-mounting it, as we found out during testing) you could also just rest the camera on a tabletop. At 2 megapixels, you’re not going to be shooting high-quality stills with it, but video is really what you’re after. The SmartCam HD Pro ($190) is saucer-shaped 2-megapixel camera with an embedded lens that records Full HD (1,920 x 1,080, at 30 frames per second) video, as well as lower resolutions like 1,280 x 720 and 640 x 360. But as a home-monitoring product, can Samsung deliver a product that’s as consumer friendly? Yes, it can, and although it’s not a perfect product, it delivers as advertised. ![]() ![]() ![]() It has several of the same features and ease-of-use as the Dropcam Pro, but one-ups it in areas like storage and resolution. Samsung (via its Techwin division) has been making home-monitoring cams for some time, and just launched its own Dropcam competitor, the SmartCam HD Pro (SNH-P6410BN). Why? Simply because the Dropcam is an affordable solution that’s easy to use, comes with useful features, delivers good picture quality, and takes the complicated networking out of the picture. Over time, these surveillance webcams became cheaper and easier to set up, but it wasn’t until the arrival of the Dropcam that consumers took note. Home-monitoring webcams have been around for years, but to set one up often required some networking know-how.
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Nordpass premium vs nordvpn5/27/2023 People often lose access to their accounts when a hacker breaks into the website's server where the users' passwords are stored, sometimes even unencrypted. “And here is passkeys' superiority to passwords. The private key is saved on the device itself and the public key is stored on the website's server. When joining one of the websites supporting passkeys, the user's device generates a pair of related keys - public and private. It has already been adopted by Apple, Microsoft, Google, Paypal, eBay, KAYAK, and various other websites. While FIDO Alliance, which NordPass is a member of together with other progressive tech companies, is on the constant lookout for the latest tech advances in user authentication, passkey technology is currently considered the most secure and promising alternative to passwords. Support for the Safari extension is coming later this year, as well as mobile support whose development relies on platform vendors.Īlso this year, the company plans to introduce passwordless sign-in to NordPass, which means there will no longer be a need to repeatedly enter Nord Account and Master password to reach your personal space.Īdditionally, NordPass aims to provide a solution to help online businesses and other online service providers to integrate the support of passkey authentication. With passkeys automatically saved on NordPass instead of a device, they can be accessed on various devices and operating systems, as well as shared with others.Ĭalled the NordPass Passkeys, this release is available on the desktop app, web vault, and on the Firefox and Chrome-based browser extensions. Having publicly revealed its strategy on approaching the“passwordless future” back in January, NordPass has now introduced its first passwordless solution - as of now, both individual and business users are able to store and manage passkeys from various websites in NordPass, and use them to access apps and websites. Ĭompany set to implement 360 passwordless approach As online authentication is entering a new modern phase with passkeys at its forefront, we at NordPass feel the momentum to create future-proof features and help our clients easily handle all of their digital accounts from day one,” says Jonas Karklys, CEO of nordpass. “If there had been password management services right when passwords were created back in the last century, we now wouldn't have issues like locked accounts, password reuse, or weak passwords. With Microsoft, Apple, and Google leading the passkey vision and various websites only starting to use passkeys for online authentication, the new release by NordPass will help internet users easily adapt to this market change without compromising on security and convenience. ![]() LONDON, Ma(GLOBE NEWSWIRE) - The password management company nordpass, created by the world's leading VPN provider NordVPN, announced it has developed a solution to securely store and manage passkeys.
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Speed of sound in water vs air5/27/2023 ![]() ![]() For instance, sound will travel faster in iron than uranium, and faster in hydrogen than nitrogen, due to the lower density of the first material of each set. All other things being equal, sound will travel more slowly in denser materials, and faster in stiffer ones. In a real material, the stiffness of the springs is called the elastic modulus, and the mass corresponds to the density. Effects like dispersion and reflection can also be understood using this model. The speed of sound through the model depends on the stiffness of the springs (stiffer springs transmit energy more quickly). Sound passes through the model by compressing and expanding the springs, transmitting energy to neighboring balls, which transmit energy to their springs, and so on. For a real material the balls represent molecules and the springs represent the bonds between them. The transmission of sound can be explained using a toy model consisting of an array of balls interconnected by springs. A derivation of these equations will be given in a later section. It gives good predictions in relatively dry, cold, low pressure conditions, such as the Earth's stratosphere. This equation is correct to a much wider temperature range, but still depends on the approximation of heat capacity ratio being independent of temperature, and will fail, particularly at higher temperatures. If ideal gas γ is assumed to be 7/5 = 1.4 exactly, the 0 ☌ speed is calculated (see section below) to be 331.3 m/s, the coefficient used above. Commonly found values for the speed of sound at 0 ☌ may vary from 331.2 to 331.6 due to the assumptions made when it is calculated. The value of 331.3 m/s, which represents the 0 ☌ speed, is based on theoretical (and some measured) values of the heat capacity ratio, γ, as well as on the fact that at 1 atm real air is very well described by the ideal gas approximation. This equation is derived from the first two terms of the Taylor expansion of the following much more accurate equation: Where is the temperature in degrees Celsius (☌). ![]() s -1), at temperatures near 0 ☌, can be calculated from:.The approximate speed of sound in dry (0% humidity) air, in metres per second ( m However, in the stratosphere, the speed of sound increases with height due to heating within the ozone layer, producing a positive sound speed gradient. The decrease of the sound speed with height is referred to as a negative sound speed gradient. Since temperature and thus the speed of sound normally decrease with increasing altitude, sound is refracted upward, away from listeners on the ground, creating an acoustic shadow at some distance from the source. In the Earth's atmosphere, the most important factor affecting the speed of sound is the temperature (see Details below). Humidity also has a small, but measurable effect on sound speed (increase of about 0.1%-0.6%), because some oxygen and nitrogen molecules of the air are replaced by the lighter molecules of water. In non-ideal gases, such van der Waals gas, the proportionality is not exact, and there is a slight dependence on the gas pressure even at a constant temperature. At a constant temperature, the ideal gas pressure has no effect on the speed of sound, because pressure and density (also proportional to pressure) have equal but opposite effects on the speed of sound, and the two contributions cancel out exactly. ![]() In a given ideal gas the sound speed depends only on its temperature. For example, in low molecular weight gases, such as helium, sound propagates faster compared to heavier gases, such as xenon. The speed of sound is variable and depends mainly on the temperature and the properties of the substance through which the wave is traveling.
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